Highest Energetic Radiation

 

Cosmology and Highest Energetic Radiation

Through the computer simulation, scientists reached to the conclusion that there was a very powerful light energy before the beginning of the creation of the universe, i.e. before the Big Bang, from zero/Nil (0), that’s scientific name is: "Highest Energetic Radiation (HER).

Scientists believe that between 1500 crore to 20000 crore years ago busted the Higher Energetic Radiation and formed Skies as well as Earth (along with Sun, Moon, Stars, Galaxies etc., . As a result of the discovery of Back Ground Radiation in 1965, scientists were able to inform the human race that the Highest Energetic Radiation, created from the void, was the source of (1) light (2) energy and (3) Heat.

i.                  Gamma Ray (VHEGR): One of the Highest-Energetic Radiation of the Universe

One of the Highest-Energetic Radiation of the Universe is a Gamma Ray (VHEGR) denotes gamma radiation with photon energies of 100 GeV (gigaelectronvolt) to 100 TeV (teraelectronvolt), i.e., 1011 to 1014 electronvolts. This is approximately equal to wavelengths between 10−17 and 10−20 meters, or frequencies of 2 × 1025 to 2 × 1028 Hz. Such energy levels have been detected from emissions from astronomical sources such as some binary star systems containing a compact object. 

For example, radiation emitted from Cygnus X-3 has been measured at ranges from GeV to exaelectronvolt-levels. Other astronomical sources include BL Lacertae, 3C 66A[3] Markarian 421 and Markarian 501. Various other sources exist that are not associated with known bodies. For example, the H.E.S.S. catalog contained 64 sources in November 2011. Instruments to detect this radiation commonly measure the Cherenkov radiation produced by secondary particles generated from an energetic photon entering the Earth's atmosphere. This method is called imaging atmospheric Cherenkov technique or IACT. A high-energy photon produces a cone of light confined to 1° of the original photon direction. About 10,000 m2 of the earth's surface is lit by each cone of light. A flux of 10−7 photons per square meter per second can be detected with current technology, provided the energy is above 0.1 TeV. Instruments include the planned Cherenkov Telescope Array, GT-48 in Crimea, MAGIC on La Palma, High Energy Stereoscopic System (HESS) in Namibia VERITAS and Chicago Air Shower Array which closed in 2001. Cosmic rays also produce similar flashes of light, but can be distinguished based on the shape of the light flash. Also having more than one telescope simultaneously observing the same spot can help exclude cosmic rays. Extensive air showers of particles can be detected for gamma rays above 100 TeV. Water scintillation detectors or dense arrays of particle detectors can be used to detect these particle showers.Air showers of elementary particles made by gamma rays can also be distinguished from those produced by cosmic rays by the much greater depth of shower maximum, and the much lower quantity of muons.

Very-high-energy gamma rays are too low energy to show the Landau–Pomeranchuk–Migdal effect. Only magnetic fields perpendicular to the path of the photon causes pair production, so that photons coming in parallel to the geomagnetic field lines can survive intact until they meet the atmosphere. These photons that come through the magnetic window can make a Landau–Pomeranchuk–Migdal shower. (Source:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very-high-energy_gamma_ray ) 

 ii. Electromagnetic Radiation

In physics, electromagnetic radiation (EMR) consists of waves of the electromagnetic (EM) field, which propagate through space and carry electromagnetic radiant energy. It includes radio waves, microwaves, infrared, (visible) light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays. All of these waves form part of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Classically, electromagnetic radiation consists of electromagnetic waves, which are synchronized oscillations of electric and magnetic fields. Electromagnetic radiation or electromagnetic waves are created due to periodic change of electric or magnetic field. Depending on how this periodic change occurs and the power generated, different wavelengths of electromagnetic spectrum are produced. In a vacuum, electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light, commonly denoted c. In homogeneous, isotropic media, the oscillations of the two fields are perpendicular to each other and perpendicular to the direction of energy and wave propagation, forming a transverse wave. The position of an electromagnetic wave within the electromagnetic spectrum can be characterized by either its frequency of oscillation or its wavelength. Electromagnetic waves of different frequency are called by different names since they have different sources and effects on matter. In order of increasing frequency and decreasing wavelength these are: radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays and gamma rays.(Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation ) 

iii. Gravity Force?

In physics, gravity (from Latin gravitas 'weight'^{[Source: i) "dict.cc dictionary :: gravitas :: English-Latin translation" ii)  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity]} is a fundamental interaction which causes mutual attraction between all things that have mass. Gravity is, by far, the weakest of the four fundamental interactions, approximately 10³⁸ times weaker than the strong interaction, 10³⁶ times weaker than the electromagnetic force and 10²⁹ times weaker than the weak interaction. As a result, it has no significant influence at the level of subatomic particles.^] However, gravity is the most significant interaction between objects at the macroscopic scale, and it determines the motion of planets, stars, galaxies, and even light.

On Earth, gravity gives weight to physical objects, and the Moon's gravity is responsible for sublunar tides in the oceans (the corresponding antipodal tide is caused by the inertia of the Earth and Moon orbiting one another). Gravity also has many important biological functions, helping to guide the growth of plants through the process of gravitropism and influencing the circulation of fluids in multicellular organisms. Investigation into the effects of weightlessness has shown that gravity may play a role in immune system function and cell differentiation within the human body.

The gravitational attraction between the original gaseous matter in the universe caused it to coalesce and form stars which eventually condensed into galaxies, so gravity is responsible for many of the large-scale structures in the universe. Gravity has an infinite range, although its effects become weaker as objects get farther away.

Gravity is most accurately described by the general theory of relativity (proposed by Albert Einstein in 1915), which describes gravity not as a force, but as the curvature of spacetime, caused by the uneven distribution of mass, and causing masses to move along geodesic lines. The most extreme example of this curvature of spacetime is a black hole, from which nothing—not even light—can escape once past the black hole's event horizon.^[3] 

However, for most applications, gravity is well approximated by Newton's law of universal gravitation, which describes gravity as a force causing any two bodies to be attracted toward each other, with magnitude proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them: 

Definitions

Gravitation is the mutual attraction between all masses in the universe, also known as gravitational attraction. Gravity is the gravitational attraction at the surface of a planet or other celestial body.^{[Source: McGraw-Hill Dict (1989)]}

Ancient world

The nature and mechanism of gravity was explored by a wide range of ancient scholars. In Greece, Aristotle believed that objects fell towards the Earth because the Earth was the center of the Universe and attracted all of the mass in the Universe towards it. He also thought that the speed of a falling object should increase with its weight, a conclusion which was later shown to be false.^[Source Cappi, Alberto. "The concept of gravity before Newton" (PDF). Culture nd Cosmos].

Scientific revolution and Gravitation

In the mid-16th century, various European scientists experimentally disproved the Aristotelian notion that heavier objects fall at a faster rate.

In particular, the Spanish Dominican priest Domingo de Soto wrote in 1551 that bodies in free fall uniformly accelerate. De Soto may have been influenced by earlier experiments conducted by other Dominican priests in Italy, including those by Benedetto Varchi, Francesco Beato, Luca Ghini, and Giovan Bellaso which contradicted Aristotle's teachings on the fall of bodies.[Source: Wallace, William A. (2018) [2004]. Domingo de Soto and the Early Galileo: Essays on Intellectual History. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. pp. 119, 121–22. ISBN 978-1-351-15959-3. Archived from the original on 16 June 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2021].

The mid-16th century Italian physicist Giambattista Benedetti published papers claiming that, due to specific gravity, objects made of the same material but with different masses would fall at the same speed.[Source: Drabkin, I. E. (1963). "Two Versions of G. B. Benedetti's Demonstratio Proportionum Motuum Localium". Isis. 54 (2): 259–262.] With the 1586 Delft tower experiment, the Flemish physicist Simon Stevin observed that two cannonballs of differing sizes and weights fell at the same rate when dropped from a tower.

Finally, in the late 16th century, Galileo Galilei's careful measurements of balls rolling down inclines allowed him to firmly establish that gravitational acceleration is the same for all objects.[Source: i. Schilling, Govert (31 July 2017). Ripples in Spacetime: Einstein, Gravitational Waves, and the Future of Astronomy. Harvard University Press. p. 26. ISBN 9780674971660. Archived from the original on 16 December 2021. Retrieved 16 December 2021.

ii. Galileo (1638), Two New Sciences,]

Galileo postulated that air resistance is the reason that objects with a low density and high surface area fall more slowly in an atmosphere.

Gravitation:  In light of General relativity Theory of Albert Einstein

Eventually, astronomers noticed an eccentricity in the orbit of the planet Mercury which could not be explained by Newton's theory: the perihelion of the orbit was increasing by about 42.98 arcseconds per century. The most obvious explanation for this discrepancy was an as-yet-undiscovered celestial body (such as a planet orbiting the Sun even closer than Mercury), but all efforts to find such a body turned out to be fruitless. Finally, in 1915, Albert Einstein developed a theory of general relativity which was able to accurately model Mercury's orbit.^{[Source: Nobil, Anna M. (March 1986). "The real value of Mercury's perihelion advance". Nature. 320 (6057): 39–41. Bibcode:1986Natur.320...39N. doi:10.1038/320039a0. S2CID 4325839]}.

In general relativity, the effects of gravitation are ascribed to spacetime curvature instead of a force. Einstein began to toy with this idea in the form of the equivalence principle, a discovery which he later described as "the happiest thought of my life."^{[Source: Webb, Joh; Dougan, Darren (23 November 2015). "Without Einstein it would have taken decades longer to understand gravity". Retrieved 21 May 2022.]} In this theory, free fall is considered to be equivalent to inertial motion, meaning that free-falling inertial objects are accelerated relative to non-inertial observers on the ground.[Sources: i. "Gravity and Warped Spacetime". black-holes.org. Archived from the original on 21 June 2011. Retrieved 16 October 2010.

ii. Dmitri Pogosyan. "Lecture 20: Black Holes – The Einstein Equivalence Principle". University of Alberta. Archived from the original on 8 September 2013. Retrieved 14 October 2011].. In contrast to Newtonian physics, Einstein believed that it was possible for this acceleration to occur without any force being applied to the object.